J Korean Soc Cosmetol > Volume 28(1); 2022 > Article
미용성형인식 및 관심도가 외모관리행동과 자아존중감에 미치는 영향

Abstract

SPSS 21.0 program was used to analyze data collected from total of 319 surveys on the effect of plastic surgery perception and interest in appearance on appearance orientation and self-esteem. This research aims to identify the impact of plastic surgery perception and interest in appearance on appearance orientation in order to encourage appearance orientation and enhance self-esteem, and the results were the following. Positive factor of plastic surgery perception had negative(-) effect on orientation factor of appearance orientation, and reaction and improvement factors had positive(+) effect on orientation factor. Also, positive factor of plastic surgery perception has negative(-) effect on self-esteem while improvement factor had positive(+) effect. interest in appearance factor had positive(+) effect on orientation factor of appearance orientation and on self-esteem factor as well. In conclusion, plastic surgery perception can be improved through app review events while 3D virtual surgery and service systems such as happy-call for after service maintenance can increase self-esteem. Methods for increasing interest in appearance include regular exercises and self-makeup classes. Future research could connect plastic surgery perception and interest in appearance with behavior and psychological characteristics to find meaningful connections.

I. Introduction

Rapid modernization and increasing quality of life encourage women to become a much more active participants in society and improved medical technologies caused increased desire for health and beauty among women. Such increased demand for medical procedures go hand in hand with increased interest and demand for plastic surgery. Medical advancements and availability of plastic surgery for general public play their part in expanding plastic surgery activities and appearance orientations. Various plastic surgery researches and interests in modern society produced research outcomes that play crucial role also in Korea’s medical beauty procedures market, hence further promoting the need for research on attitude and behavior intention about plastic surgeries. According to You(2018)’s research on interest and maintenance behavior on appearance depending on prior experience of plastic surgeries indicated people with prior plastic surgery experience were more interested in appearance and showed higher appearance orientation, and such interest and behaviors further demonstrated more interest and positive perception of plastic surgeries. Also, according to research by Lee(2018), interest in appearance was higher among women in their twenties, which suggested then younger women tend to think of good looks as competitive advantage and a form of competence. In Lee(2020)’s research, dissatisfaction with appearance led to psychological problems such as feeling of inferiority and depression, which could lead to serious individual self-esteem issues such as self-denial, helplessness and self-depreciation. As such, women are becoming more interested in beauty and are willing to actively express such desire(Huh, 2010). For professional women, appearance is a tool for self-expression which also produces positive impact in interpersonal relationships while increasing sense of satisfaction with oneself, which allow women to be assertive and effective in carrying out tasks, thus making it a resource for gaining competitive edge in society(Kim, 2009). Therefore, this research aims to identify effects of plastic surgery perception and interest on appearance orientation and self-esteem in order to encourage appearance orientation and increase self-esteem.

Ⅱ. Theoretical Background

1. Plastic Surgery Perception

Plastic surgery perception is a psychological state which recognizes all plastic surgeries at cosmetic hospitals as not just a means for satisfying psychological desire for beautiful physical appearance but also a way of minimizing internal affliction about one’s looks to pursue and enjoy a better life for oneself(Han & Park, 2008). Research by Hwang et al. (2017) indicated that college students in Korea increasingly though of appearance as important and had lower aversion towards plastic surgery, thus indicating a positive shift of plastic surgery perception and appearance orientation was seen as an essential tool for social success and self-actualization that can influence various aspects of society such as living day to day lives, job prospects and more. Therefore, this research will take into consideration such previous findings and regard appearance orientation as an integral tool for social success and self-actualization to pursue and enjoy a better lifestyle and as a factor which affects various aspects of society.

2. Interest in Appearance

Interest in appearance can be defined as the degree of prolonged interest in physical enhancements such as clothes, makeup, accessories, etc. for increasing attractiveness of one’s appearance(Chung, 2003). Efforts to work on appearance can be a starting point for freshly assessing and improving oneself and it could also work as a quick visual way to communicate one’s identity to others, and beauty standards of the times can have impact on personal lives as well as society’s overall objective perception of appearance(Kim, 2014). Hence, interest in appearance is a necessary tool for expressing oneself in different societies, and appearance is an important factor in forming first impression before interpersonal interactions (Yoon, 2007; Kim, 2011). Therefore, this research took such previous research into consideration and selected Yoon(2007)’s research data to see interest in appearance as a form of self-expression in order to identify impact of interest in appearance on appearance orientation and self-esteem.

3. Appearance Orientation

Appearance plays important role on interpersonal relationships and in forming first impressions. Unlike the past where more emphasis was put on abilities when it came to assessing others, in current times there is a perception that attractive appearance can bring social success, thus making people willingly invest in their looks(Hong, 2013). Therefore, appearance orientation is a powerful tool for satisfying one’s desire for beauty and expressing one’s identity and emotions by presenting one’s desired appearance to others in everyday life.
Research by Lim et al.(2018) defined appearance orientation as an adorning behavior to express desired image of oneself to others and it’s a way of expressing oneself and one’s identity. Various beauty related maintenances such as utilizing clothes, makeup and accessories as well as nails, hairs and body maintenance are also forms of appearance maintenance behavior(Lee & Jang, 2013). In addition, in order to escape one’s physical shortcomings and a sense of inferiority about one’s appearance in the rapidly changing beauty standards of society, people continue to engage in appearance orientation(Kaiser, 1990; Kim, 2008).
Therefore, this research takes previous researches into account to consider getting nails, hair and body procedures as a form of appearance orientation to study the impact of plastic surgery perception and interest in appearance on appearance orientation.

4. Self-Esteem

The concept of self-esteem was first introduced by American psychologist William James(1890), and it can be defined as a self-assessment of one’s own attitude about oneself, and it’s determined by personal values based on one’s ability, value, success, importance etc. that can be a proportional indicator of one’s measure of accomplishments(Kim, 2009). Such self-esteem can be formed, changed and developed throughout one’s lifespan but some researches indicate that for some people in certain environments, some periods can have negative impact on one’s self-esteem(Lee, 2005). Hence, self-esteem means one’s own positive or negative assessment of oneself(Choi, 2016).
Therefore, this research will consider previous researches to identify self-esteem as a positive or negative assessment of oneself as part of one’s personal value system in order to observe effects of plastic surgery perception and interest in appearance on self-esteem.

Ⅲ. Contents and Methods

1. Research Tasks and Model

<Fig. 1> is the research model, the research questions according to the purpose of this study are as follows.
First, general properties of research subjects will be analyzed. Second, lower dimension factors of plastic surgery perception, interest in appearance, appearance orientation and self-esteem will be extracted. Third, effect of general properties on plastic surgery perception, interest in appearance, appearance orientation and self-esteem will be analyzed. Fourth, effect of plastic surgery perception on appearance orientation will be analyzed. Fifth, effect of plastic surgery perception on self-esteem will be analyzed. Sixth, effect of interest in appearance on appearance orientation will be analyzed. Seventh, effect of interest in appearance on self-esteem will be analyzed.

2. Research Subject and Data Collection

For the purpose of this research, self reported surveys were conducted on people living in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. 50 surveys were collected for preliminary research from March 1st 2021 until April 1st 2021 and survey questions were edited for enhanced clarity of sentence structures and questions. Total of 372 surveys were collected for main research from April 2nd 2021 until June 21st 2021, and 41 substandard surveys were removed then total of 319 surveys were used as final research data.

3. Survey Construction

Survey questions used as measuring tool for this research are shown in <Table 1>. Survey question prompts used as measuring tools consist of 58 questions on general characteristics, plastic surgery perception, interest in appearance, appearance orientation and self-esteem. All the Likert scales used for this research range from ‘1: not true at all’ to ‘5: very true’ on 5-points Likert scale.

4. Data Processing

Collected data was put through SPSS 21.0 program to analyze the following.
First, frequency analysis was conducted for the general characteristics of research subjects. Second, factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted for lower dimension factors of plastic surgery perception, interest in appearance, appearance orientation and self-esteem. Third, t-test and ANOVA analysis were conducted to determine the impact of general properties on plastic surgery perception, interest in appearance, appearance orientation and self-esteem. Forth, multiple regression analysis was conducted for effects of plastic surgery perception on appearance orientation. Fifth, multiple regression analysis was conducted for effects of plastic surgery perception on self-esteem. multiple regression analysis was conducted for effects of interest on appearance orientation. Seventh, multiple regression analysis was conducted for effects of interest in appearance on self-esteem. Principal component analysis was used for factors extraction and Varimax was used for factor rotation. Cronbach's α value was used for reliability analysis for the variables.

Ⅳ. Results and Considerations

1. General properties of research subjects

Results of frequency analysis for general properties of research subjects is on <Table 2>.
Genders were 66.1% female and 33.9% male. For ages, 58.9% were in 20s, 16.6% were in 30s, 11.6% were in 50s, 11.3% were in their teens, and 1.6% were in 40s, in that order. Level of educations consisted of 45.5% college enrolled/graduated, 24.5% associates degree enrolled/graduated, 22.3% below high school and 7.8% above grad school. Marriage status ranged from 84.3% single, 14.4% married and 1.3% other (divorced, bereaved, separated, etc.). Monthly income ranged from 37.6% earning less than 1 million won, 21.0% earning less than 1-2 million won, 18.5% earning less than 2-3 million won, 14.4% earning more than 5 million won, 6.6% earning less than 3-4 million won and 1.9% earning less than 4-5 million won. Professions ranged from 39.8% students, 34.5% office workers, 18.5% businessmen, 6.3% unemployed to 0.9% government workers. The sources of information that influence one’s appearance, skin, makeup and body ranged from 33.2% friends, 22.6% other, 17.9% computer, 7.2% fashion magazine and catalogue, 6.9% older sister, 6.6% mother, 3.1% television, 1.9% cosmetic salesperson to 0.6% teacher. Number of times invested in plastic surgery for appearance ranged from 67.1% never, 26.6% once, 5.6% twice to 0.6% more than three times. Visits to plastic surgery clinics ranged from 70.2% never, 27.6% once to 2.2% more than twice.

2. Lower dimension factors of plastic surgery perception, interest in appearance, appearance orientation, self-esteem

To measure plastic surgery perception, interest in appearance, appearance orientation and self-esteem, prior to performing factor analysis on 20, 10, 10 and 9 survey questionnaire, previously measured data was assessed to see if it meets the assumption of factor analysis. Bartlett Sphericity indicated that χ² is each 1129.107(df=28, Sig.=0.000), 444.557(df=6, Sig.=0.000), 75.822(df=3, Sig.=0.000) and 166.145(df=1, Sig.=0.000), thus confirming there’s sufficient relationship among variables to form factors. KMO sample suitability indicated 0.635, 0.709, 0.609 and 0.500 each, and commonalities were over 0.554, 0.712, 0.481, and 0.717 each, which meant it’s possible to perform factor analysis.

1) Lower dimension factors of plastic surgery perception

Performing factor analysis produced three lower dimension factors as shown in Table 3, and 12 questions that didn’t fit the meaning among other attributes were removed. Overall explanation power of lower dimension factors appeared as 77.4%, and based on the questionnaire, ‘lower dimension factor 1(31.3%)’ was named as ‘positive’, ‘lower dimension factor 2(23.5%)’ was named ‘reaction’ and ‘lower dimension factor 3(22.5%)’ was named ‘improvement’

2) Lower dimension factors of interest in appearance

Performing factor analysis produced single lower dimension factor as shown in Table 4, and 6 questions that didn’t match the meaning with other attributes of the variable were removed. Overall explanation power of the dimension was 62.9% and based on questions consisting the variable, ‘lower dimension factor 1(62.9%)’ was named ‘interest in appearance’.

3) Lower dimension factors of appearance orientation

Performing factor analysis produced single low dimension factor as shown in Table 5, and 7 questions that didn’t match meaning with other attributes of the variable were removed. Overall explanation power of lower dimension factor was 52.7%, then based on questionnaire that make up the factor, ‘low dimension factor 1’ was named ‘appearance orientation’.

4) Lower dimension factors of self-esteem

Performing factor analysis produced single factor as shown in Table 6, and 8 questions that didn’t match meaning with other attributes in the variable were removed. Overall explanation power of the dimension was 71.7%, and based on questions making up the variable, ‘lower dimension factor 1(71.7%)’ was named ‘self-esteem’.

3. Effect of demographic characteristics on plastic surgery perception, interest in appearance, appearance orientation and self-esteem

In order to determine the different effects of demographic characteristics on plastic surgery perception, interest in appearance, appearance orientation and self-esteem, t-test, ANOVA analysis as well as scheffe-test produced following results.

1) Effect of demographic characteristics on plastic surgery perception

Results of analysis are in Table 7, and women showed higher reaction and improvement than men. Ages over 40s showed higher improvement factor than people in their 10s, 20s, 30s and 50s. People with monthly income of less than 3-4 million won had higher positive factor while those with less than 1 million won had the lowest Observing the distribution outcome of effect of demographic characteristics on plastic surgery perception, as women have historically demonstrated continued interest in beauty and such pursuit of beauty by modern women living in appearance oriented society have led to increased investment of time and money in chasing the goal of clean skin and shapely bodies(Lee, 2015), it probably resulted in more women showing higher reaction and improvement factors than men. Also, since elderly women engage in plastic surgery to delay the aging of their skin while women in their 30s are interested in appearance due to their need to participate in social activities and forming relationships with other people, it seems like women show increased interest in appearance and engage in plastic surgery to alleviate appearance of wrinkles and delay the signs of aging skin.

2) Effect of demographic characteristics on interest in appearance

Results of analysis are in Table 8, and women showed higher interest in appearance than men. Those with education level of college enrolled/graduated showed higher interest in appearance than those with associate degree enrolled/graduated and above grad school education levels. Those with monthly in come of less than 1 million won a month had highest interest in appearance while those with less than 3-4 million won monthly income had lowest interest in appearance. Observing the distribution outcome of effect of demographic characteristics on interest in appearance, it’s probably that intense interest in appearance in society as a whole increases interest in beautiful appearance by the individuals seeking to enhance their external images. In research by Kim(2020), people in their 20s were most likely to start getting facial shape enhancing procedures and research by Lee(2005) showed most women showed interested in and started getting skincare procedures, thus partially supporting the data outcomes of this research.

3) Effect of demographic characteristics on appearance orientation

Results of analysis are in Table 9, and women showed higher appearance orientation than men. People in their 20s showed highest appearance orientation while those in their 30s showed the lowest. For education level, those who were college enrolled/graduated showed highest appearance orientation while those with above grad school education level had the lowest outcome. For monthly income, those earning less than 1 million won showed highest appearance orientation while those earning less than 2-3 million won had the lowest outcome. Observing the distribution outcome of effect of demographic characteristics on appearance orientation is yet another example of the generally accepted knowledge that first impressions have bigger impact than personality or character when assessing others. In research by Na(2015), ages, marital status, number of children, average income and jobs demonstrated statistically significant differences and those in their 20s and 30s than higher appearance orientation tendency than those in their 40s and 50s, while unmarried people had higher appearance orientation than married people, thus partially supporting the results of this research.

4) Effect of demographic characteristics on self-esteem

Results of analysis are in Table 10, and women showed higher self-esteem than men. People in 40s showed highest self-esteem while those in their 50s showed the lowest. For education level, people with above grad school education showed highest self-esteem while those with associate degree enrolled/graduated education showed lowest self-esteem. Those with monthly income of less than 4-5 million won showed highest self-esteem while those earning less than 3-4 million won had the lowest self-esteem. Observing the distribution outcome of effect of demographic characteristics on self-esteem indicates those with higher social status tend to have higher self-esteem and in research by Joo(2015), differences in self-efficacy based on ages showed statistically significant impacts on confidence, self-control efficacy and self-efficacy, with those in their 50s showing highest level of confidence while those in their 40s showing self-control efficacy and self-efficacy, thus partially supporting the results of this research.

4. Effects of plastic surgery perception on appearance orientation

Looking at multicollinearity of plastic surgery perception and appearance orientation prior to performing multiple regression analysis, VIF values were all under 10, making it reasonable to perform multiple regression analysis and the results are shown in <Table 11>.
First, orientation factor was approximately 9.8% explained by positive, reaction and improvement factors. Furthermore, higher preference for reaction and improvement factors increased appearance orientation factor by 0.239, 0.183 times each, thus indicating positive effect, while higher preference for positive factor decreased appearance orientation factor by -0.125 times, thus indicating a negative effect. Therefore, viewing plastic surgery as a competitive self-management method, essential element for success, having positive impact and being aware of positives about plastic surgery will probably decrease orientation while not having impact on satisfaction. Being satisfied after plastic surgery and recognizing positive reaction of other people, enhanced appearance and improved physical flaws will increase orientation factor while not having impact on satisfaction factor.
Han & Park(2008)’s Study of Appearance Maintenance Behavior about Makeup and Plastic Surgery indicated that interest in plastic surgery had positive(+) correlation with appearance maintenance behavior, and Yoo(2013)’s A Study of the Effect of Appearance Interests and Appearance Management Behavior on Aesthetic Plastic Surgery indicated high interest in plastic surgery and positive(+) effects and Lee(2008)’s College women Students' Perception of Cosmetic Surgery research demonstrated younger college students who are main customers of plastic surgery tend to be actively interested in appearance, thus partially supporting this research.
Therefore, dissatisfaction with current state resulted in appearance orientation, and previous studies partially support the outcome of this research.
To summarize, review events for promoting plastic surgery review on plastic surgery applications and encouraging active plastic surgery review teams on social media can lead to increased appearance orientation.

5. Effects of plastic surgery perception on self-esteem

Looking at multicollinearity of plastic surgery perception and appearance orientation prior to performing multiple regression analysis, VIF values were all under 10, making it reasonable to perform multiple regression analysis and the results are shown in <Table 12>.
First, self-esteem factor was approximately 15.3% explained by positive and improvement factors. Furthermore, higher preference for positive factor decreased self-esteem factor by -0.349 times, thus having negative effect. Higher preference for improvement factor increased self-esteem factor by 0.192 times, thus having positive effect.
Therefore, plastic surgery perception has partial positive effect on self-esteem and recognizing plastic surgery as a method of self-improvement, success factor and positive factor as well as having positive suggestion intention will have negative effect on self-esteem. Then, recognizing satisfaction level after plastic surgery and other people’s reaction has negative effect on self-esteem. However, recognizing plastic surgery as a catalyst for change and method of improvement for alleviating flaws will have positive effect on self-esteem.
Beak(2013)’s The Relations Between Body Image and Cosmetic Surgery Attitude: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Narcissism and Self-esteem, and on the Moderating Effect of Gratitude research indicated current sociocultural attitude towards appearance had negative effect on teenager’s body image and plastic surgery intentions, and Kim(2007)’s Effects of Aesthetic surgery on Body Image, Self-esteem and Satisfaction with Outcomes research, plastic surgery is considered a form of medical procedure which can be measured for its impact on quality of life for an individual and surgery had an overall negative(-) effect, while Lee(2002)’s A Study on aesthetic plastic surgery, self-esteem and body image of some women research acknowledged meaning of a person’s appearance can vary depending on the time periods and cultures but concluded that it has positive(+) effect on self-esteem, interpersonal relationships and patterns of behavior.
According to the analysis, plastic surgery perception has partial effect on self-esteem, which highlights sociocultural attitudes about appearance and benefits of plastic surgery on self image, self-esteem, satisfaction and one’s quality of life, thus indicating partial support between previous studies and this research.
To summarize, increasing plastic surgery satisfaction through 3D virtual plastic surgery system and after-service happy calls can lead to increased self-esteem.

6. Effects of interest in appearance on appearance orientation

Looking at multicollinearity of plastic surgery perception and appearance orientation prior to performing multiple regression analysis, VIF values were all under 10, making it reasonable to perform multiple regression analysis and the results are shown in <Table 13>.
First, appearance orientation factor was approximately 4.6% explained by interest in appearance factor. Furthermore, higher preference for interest in appearance factor increased appearance orientation factor by 0.221 times, thus having positive effect.
According to the outcomes, interest in appearance factor has negative effect on appearance orientation, and recognizing one’s interest about other’s views about appearance, image-making, appearance maintenance and development has negative effect on appearance orientation as well as satisfaction.
Lee(2021)’s The Effect of Self-respect and Satisfaction on Career Stress and Career Satisfaction in University Student Preparing for Employment research stated perception of one’s own body and satisfaction with one’s appearance can be largely negatively influenced by cultural standards of the times, and Yoo(2013)’s A Study of the Effect of Appearance Interests and Appearance Management Behavior on Aesthetic Plastic Surgery research indicated degree of interest in appearance and maintenance behavior can have negative effect on proper awareness of plastic surgery and interest in appearance.
According to the analysis outcomes, interest in appearance is influenced by perception of one’s own appearance, satisfaction with appearance and proper awareness of plastic surgery through appearance orientation, thus supporting previous studies as well as this research.
To summarize, interest in appearance can be increased through appearance orientations such as participating in body photo shoots and beauty pageants.

7. Effects of interest in appearance on self-esteem

appearance orientation prior to performing multiple regression analysis, VIF values were all under 10, making it reasonable to perform multiple regression analysis and the results are shown in <Table 14>.
Self-esteem factor can be explained by interest in appearance factor approximately 8.1%, and higher inclination for interest in appearance factor increases self-esteem factor by 0.290 times, thus having positive effect.
Therefore, interest in appearance factor has positive effect on self-esteem and awareness of others’ perceptions, image-making, appearance maintenance and interest in appearance factor have positive effect on self-esteem.
Jung(2018)’s The Effect of SNS Usage of Female College Students on Beauty Interest and Self-Esteem-Focused on Gwangju Metropolitan City Area research showed that when using social network sites for beauty information, less sharing and more consistency and utility increased self-esteem, thus having positive effect, Lee(2013)’s A Study on the Body Image and Sense of Psychological Stability Related to the Outward Appearance Management research showed that teenagers who are high in beauty interest and therefore highly interest in taking care of their looks demonstrated positive(+) effect of beauty interest on appearance satisfaction and self-esteem.
According to the research outcome, higher interest in appearance meant longer time invested in taking care of oneself, which leads to higher self-esteem, thus partially supporting outcomes of previous studies and this research.
To summarize, in order to increase interest in appearance, participating in self-makeup classes to increase self-esteem can increase overall interest in appearance which can result in general higher levels of self-esteem.

Ⅴ. Conclusion

Purpose of this research is to determine the effects of plastic surgery perception and interest in appearance on appearance orientation and self-esteem in order to find ways to encourage appearance orientation and increase self-esteem, and results are the following.
First, positive factor of plastic surgery perception variable has negative(-) effect on appearance orientation factor of appearance orientation variable, and reaction and improvement factors of plastic surgery perception variable have positive(+) effect on appearance orientation factor of appearance orientation variable. Also, positive factor has negative(-) effect on self-esteem, and improvement factor of plastic surgery perception variable has positive(+) effect on self-esteem. Second, interest in appearance has positive(+) effect on orientation factor of appearance orientation variable. Also, interest in appearance has positive(+) effect on self-esteem. Suggested solutions based on these findings are the following.
First, those who considered plastic surgery as important in self-management, success and happiness had rather less desire to work on improving their appearance and less appearance orientation, and it’s probably that these people already had high enough self-esteem to admit the importance of plastic surgery while not feeling the need for plastic surgery themselves.
Awareness of successful plastic surgery outcomes and improvements have positive effect on orientation factor of appearance orientation variable and self-esteem. Hence, providing happy-call services that check up on people after they get plastic surgery and providing virtual 3D plastic surgery can help improve plastic surgery perception, which can then positively influence appearance orientation and self-esteem.
Second, those who wished to impress others by image-making had greater desire to become more beautiful and slender. Therefore, utilizing body-positive photo shoots and beauty pageants as motivation for continued interest in exercise can help people become more appearance oriented in positive ways. Also, those who focus on image-making tend to consistently take care of themselves and reported higher satisfaction with their current body proportions and weight, and viewed themselves as highly worthy people Therefore, participating in activities like self-makeup courses can increase confidence in taking care of one’s appearance, which can then increase one’s self-esteem.
For future research, since there is continued interest in plastic surgery perception and purposeful approach to plastic surgery as well as variety of events and programs that draw attention from people that can positively impact appearance orientations and self esteem, it’ll be meaningful research to connect behavior characteristics to psychological characteristics to discover influential relationships among those variables.

Fig. 1.
The relationship between cosmetic plastic surgery awareness and interest on appearance management behavior and self-esteem
JKSC-2022-28-1-19f1.jpg
Table 1.
Composition of Questionnaire
Survey item Content Number of Questions Scale Sources
Characteristics Gender, age, education level, marriage status, monthly income, occupation, a source that influences your appearance, skin, makeup, and body care, the number of times invested in plastic surgery for your appearance, number of visits to plastic surgery clinics 9 Name. Researcher.
Plastic surgery perception Need for cosmetic plastic surgery, changes in appearance, can fill the deficiencies of body parts, personality changes through cosmetic plastic surgery, important factors of success, thinking about plastic surgery with friends, thinking about cosmetic purposes, advertising, brightening, and self-anxiety. 20 The barn. Oh (2010), Kim (2017), Lee (2007), Revised and supplemented.
Interest in appearance I'm satisfied with my face, I'm interested in media, I like to decorate my usual appearance, I think time to care about me, I care about how I look to others, I always care about how I look before going out, I think it's important to look cool to others. 10 The barn. Jeong (2009), Boo (2012), Revised and supplemented.
Appearance orientation I like how I look in the mirror, my friends like my appearance, other people's appearance is much better, I want to be thinner, I want to change a lot of parts of my appearance, I think my height is appropriate, I'm worried about how I look, I want to be prettier. 10 The barn. Jeong (2009), Boo (2012), Revised and supplemented.
Self-esteem I think I'm a valuable person like others, I think I have a lot of good character, I generally think I'm a failed person, I have nothing to brag about, I'm as good as most people, I'm satisfied with myself, I wish I could respect myself more, sometimes I think I'm a useless person 10 The barn. Jeong (2009), Boo (2012), Revised and supplemented.
Total questions. 51
Table 2.
General Properties (N=250)
Category Frequency (N) Percentage (%)
Gender Man 108 33.9
Woman 211 66.1
Age 10s 36 11.3
20s 188 58.9
30s 53 16.6
40s 5 1.6
Over 50s 37 11.6
Education level Below high school 71 22.3
Associate degree enrolled/graduated 78 24.5
College enrolled/graduated 145 45.5
Above grad school 25 7.8
Marriage status Single 269 84.3
Married 46 14.4
Other (divorced, bereaved, separated, etc.) 4 13
Monthly income Less than 1 million won 120 37.6
Less than 1-2 million won 67 21.0
Less than 2-3 million won 59 18.5
Less than 3-4 million won 21 6.6
Less than 4-5 million won 6 1.9
More than 5 million won 46 14.4
Occupation Student 127 39.8
Office worker 110 34.5
Government worker 3 9
Businessman 59 18.5
Umemployed 20 6.3
A source that influences your appearance, skin, makeup, and body care Mother 21 6.6
Older sister 22 6.9
Cosmetics salesperson 6 1.9
Television 10 3.1
Computer 57 17.9
Fashion magazines and catalogues 23 7.2
Teacher 2 .6
Friend 106 33.2
etc. 72 22.6
The number of times invested in plastic surgery for your appearance Never 214 67.1
Once 85 26.6
Twice 18 5.6
More than twice 2 .6
Number of visits to plastic surgery clinics Never 224 70.2
Once 88 27.6
More than twice 7 2.2
Total 319 100.0
Table 3.
Plastic surgery perception factors analysis
Measurement questions for cosmetic plastic surgery recognition. Positive Reaction Improvement Commonality
Cosmetic plastic surgery is one of the self-management methods to increase competitiveness. .836 -.056 .049 .704
Cosmetic plastic surgery is an important factor in success. .814 .236 .008 .719
I think cosmetic surgery brightens people. .814 -.002 .040 .664
If your opposite sex friend is undergoing cosmetic plastic surgery, I would highly recommend it. .657 .270 .224 .554
I think I’ll be satisfied with the results after undergoing cosmetic plastic surgery. .037 .947 .088 .907
If I undergo cosmetic plastic surgery, I think people around me will respond positively. .184 .923 -.036 .886
Cosmetic plastic surgery helps change appearance. .117 .005 .935 .889
Cosmetic plastic surgery can fill in body parts or shortcomings that you don't like. .057 .049 .931 .872
Unique value 2.507 1.883 1.804
Description variance (%) 31.335 23.533 22.551
Accumulated variance (%) 31.335 54.868 77.419
Reliability factor Cronbach's α 0.804 0.879 0.870
Table 4.
Interest in appearance factor analysis
Interest in appearance measurement question Interest in appearance Commonality
I tend to care about how I look to others. .871 .759
I think image making that suits me is important. .830 .688
I tend to pay more attention to my appearance when I have class. .750 .563
I am happy with the time I spend taking care of myself. .712 .507
Unique value. 2.518
Description variance (%) 62.939
Accumulated variance (%) 62.939
Reliability factor Cronbach's α 0.789
Table 5.
Appearance orientation factor analysis
Measurement questions for appearance orientation Appearance orientation Commonality
I wish I could be prettier. .778 .605
I wish I were slimmer. .705 .497
There are many parts of my appearance that I want to change. 6.93 .481
Unique value. 1.583
Description variance (%) 52.774
Accumulated variance (%) 52.774
Reliability factor Cronbach's α 0.540
Table 6.
Factor analysis of self-esteem
Self-esteem measurement question Self-esteem Commonality
I think I'm at least a valuable person to the same extent as others. .847 .717
I think I have a lot of good characteristics. .847 .717
Unique value. 1.434
Description variance (%) 71.714
Accumulated variance (%) 71.714
Reliability factor Cronbach's α 0.598
Table 7.
Effect of demographic characteristics on plastic surgery perception
Characteristics Plastic surgery perception factors M S.D F (t)
Gender Men Positive 0.06 0.98 0.816
Women -0.03 1.01
Men Reaction -0.05 1.09 -0.696 ***
Women 0.03 0.95
Men Improvement -0.08 1.03 -1.034 ***
Women 0.04 0.99
Age 10s Positive -0.07 1.05 1.420
20s -0.06 0.97
30s 0.00 0.95
40s 0.58 0.67
Over 50s 0.29 1.16
10s Reaction -0.23 1.17 0.771
20s 0.04 0.97
30s -0.07 1.14
40s 0.29 0.42
Over 50s 0.06 0.79
10s Improvement -0.17B 1.12 4.992 **
20s 0.15AB 0.86
30s -0.21B 1.02
40s 1.00A 0.67
Over 50s -0.42B 1.31
Education level Below high school Positive 0.00 1.08 0.546
Associate degree enrolled/graduated 0.12 1.15
College enrolled/graduated -0.06 0.86
Above grad school 0.00 1.02
Below high school Reaction -0.07 1.09 0.619
Associate degree enrolled/graduated 0.02 1.02
College enrolled/graduated 0.06 0.91
Above grad school -0.20 1.18
Below high school Improvement -0.12 1.04 1.442
Associate degree enrolled/graduated -0.06 1.09
College enrolled/graduated 0.12 0.93
Above grad school -0.19 0.97
Marriage status Single Positive -0.04 0.98 1.625
Married 0.18 1.09
Other (divorced, bereaved, separated, etc.) 0.58 0.91
Single Reaction 0.00 1.03 0.454
Married -0.05 0.82
Other (divorced, bereaved, separated, etc.) 0.45 0.86
Single Improvement 0.04 0.92 1.642
Married -0.25 1.35
Other (divorced, bereaved, separated, etc.) 0.03 1.27

** p<0.01,

*** p<0.001 Scheffé-test : A>B

Table 8.
Effects of demographic characteristics on interest in appearance
Characteristics Interest in appearance factors M S.D F (t)
Gender Men Interest in appearance -0.20 1.00 -2.547 *
Women 0.10 0.99
Age 10s Interest in appearance -0.03 1.06 2.118
20s 0.11 0.95
30s -0.21 1.12
40s 0.36 1.04
Over 50s -0.28 0.94
Education level Below high school Interest in appearance 0.06AB 1.10 8.458 *
Associate degree enrolled/graduated -0.40B 0.86
College enrolled/graduated 0.24A 0.91
Above grad school -0.31B 1.18
Marriage status Single Interest in appearance 0.04 1.01 1.384
Married -0.19 0.94
Other (divorced, bereaved, separated, etc.) -0.41 0.50
Monthly income Less than 1 million won Interest in appearance 0.37 0.90 7.639 ***
Less than 1-2 million won -0.42 0.92
Less than 2-3 million won -0.10 0.99
Less than 3-4 million won -0.44 1.13
Less than 4-5 million won 0.09 1.43
More than 5 million won -0.04 0.93

* p<0.05,

*** p<0.001 Scheffé-test : A>B

Table 9.
Effect of demographic characteristics on appearance orientation
Characteristics Appearance Orientation Factors M S.D F (t)
Gender Men Appearance Orientation -0.37 0.86 -5.179 ***
Women 0.19 1.01
Age 10s Appearance Orientation -0.13 0.95 5.684 ***
20s 0.20 1.07
30s -0.46 0.79
40s 0.14 0.79
Over 50s -0.25 0.68
Education level Below high school Appearance Orientation -0.11 0.94 3.662 *
Associate degree enrolled/graduated -0.19 0.73
College enrolled/graduated 0.20 1.12
Above grad school -0.24 0.96
Marriage Status Single Appearance Orientation 0.05 1.04 2.076
Married -0.27 0.70
Other (divorced, bereaved, separated, etc.) -0.15 0.51
Monthly Income Less than 1 million won Appearance Orientation 0.47 1.12 10.866 ***
Less than 1-2 million won -0.28 0.86
Less than 2-3 million won -0.42 0.74
Less than 3-4 million won 0.07 0.55
Less than 4-5 million won -0.17 0.96
More than 5 million won -0.30 0.80

* p<0.05,

*** p<0.001 Scheffé-test : A>B

Table 10.
Effect of demographic characteristics on self-esteem
Characteristics Self-esteem Factors M S.D F (t)
Gender Men Self-esteem -0.22 0.90 -3.013 **
Women 0.11 1.03
Age 10s Self-esteem -0.04AB 0.98 3.278 *
20s 0.12AB 1.04
30s -0.19AB 0.85
40s 0.73A 1.06
Over 50s -0.39B 0.84
Education level Below high school Self-esteem -0.06 0.89 3.650 *
Associate degree enrolled/graduated -0.29 0.92
College enrolled/graduated 0.15 1.01
Above grad school 0.18 1.30
Marriage Status Single Self-esteem 0.04 1.02 1.403
Married -0.22 0.85
Other (divorced, bereaved, separated, etc.) -0.15 0.68
Monthly Income Less than 1 million won Self-esteem 0.41 1.08 8.089 ***
Less than 1-2 million won -0.30 0.96
Less than 2-3 million won -0.25 0.73
Less than 3-4 million won -0.44 1.13
Less than 4-5 million won 0.48 1.09
More than 5 million won -0.17 0.66

* p<0.05,

** p<0.01,

*** p<0.001 Scheffé-test : A>B

Table 11.
Effects of plastic surgery perception on appearance orientation
Independent variable (plastic surgery perception) Dependent variable (appearance orientation) B β t Revised R² F
(Constant) Appearance orientation 2.500 .000 0.106 0.098 12.503 ***
Positive -.125 -.125 -2.354 *
Reaction .239 .239 4.487 ***
Improvement .183 .183 3.440 **

* p<0.05,

** p<0.01,

*** p<0.001

Table 12.
Effects of plastic surgery perception on self-esteem
Independent variable (plastic surgery perception) Dependent variable (self-esteem) B β t Revised R² F
(Constant) Self-esteem 3.341 .000 0.161 0.153 20.077 ***
Positive -.349 -.349 -6.766 ***
Reaction -.042 -.042 -.813
Improvement .192 .192 3.714 ***

**** p<0.001

Table 13.
Effects of interest in appearance on appearance orientation
Independent variable (interest in appearance) Dependent variable (appearance orientation) B β t Revised R² F
(Constant) Appearance orientation 2.515 .000 0.049 0.046 16.327 ***
Interest in appearance .221 .221 4.041 ***

*** p<0.001

Table 14.
Effects of interest in appearance on self-esteem
Independent variable (interest in appeaarance) Dependent variable (self-esteem) B β t Revised R² F
(Constant) Self-esteem 1.003 .000 0.084 0.081 29.072 ***
Interest in appearance .290 .290 5.392 ***

*** p<0.001

References

Beak, I. H. (2013). The Relations Between Body Image and Cosmetic Surgery Attitude: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Narcissism and Self-esteem, and on the Moderating Effect of Gratitude. Master’s thesis, Ewha Womans University Graduate school. pp. 1-117.
Boo, E. J. (2012). Analysis of the Structural Relationship among Career Goals, Career-related Goal Engagement, and the School Adjustment of Rural High School. Master’s thesis, Seoul University Graduate school. pp. 8-55.
Choi, S. K. (2016). The effect of state of makeup and makeup behavior factors on self-esteem and interpersonal relationship among middle and high school girls. Master’s thesis, Sookmyung University Graduate school. pp.1-85.
Chung, J. Y. (2003). The Body Management Behaviors and Clothing Benefits Sought according to Body Cathexis and Appearance Interest of High School Students. Master’s thesis, Dongguk University Graduate school, pp. 3-16.
Han, D. J., & Park, K. S. (2008). The Effect of Basic Occupational Competence Perceived by College Students Majoring in Beauty Major on Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Major Continue Intention. Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology, 27(4), 903-910.
Huh, E. S. (2011). Characteristics of Recognition of Cosmetic Surgery on a University Hospital Nurses. Master’s thesis, Wonkwang University Graduate school. pp. 1-48.
Hong, S. N. (2013). Appearance Management Behavior According to Interest in Appearance and Body Satisfaction of Korean Women and Migrant Women. Doctoral dissertation, Konkuk University Graduate school. pp. 1-121.
Hwang, H. A. (2007). Effect Factor in Cosmetic Surgery and Skin Care Experience of College Student. Master’s thesis, Daegu Haany University Graduate school. pp. 1-45.
Joo, H. N.. (2015). The Affect of Demographic Variables and Behavior of Purchasing Cosmetic products on Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy p.1-93.
Jeong, J. K. (2009). Influential factors for Women workers' recognition of Cosmetic Surgery. Master’s thesis, Kosin University Graduate school, pp. 1-38.
Jung, E. M. (2018). The Effect of SNS Usage of Female College Students on Beauty Interest and Self-Esteem -Focused on Gwangju Metropolitan City Area?. Master’s thesis, Kwangju Women's University Graduate school. pp. 1-67.
Kim, S. H. (2009). A Study of Women’s Make-up Behavior and Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Behavior According to Age Group. Doctoral dissertation, Dongseo University Graduate school. pp. 1-150.
Kim, H. S. (2011). A study on the awareness and interest about appearance of cosmetic surgery of adults. Master’s thesis, Seokyeong University Graduate school. pp. 1-141.
Kaiser, S. B.. (1990). The social psychology of clothing. Symbolic appearances in context, 2 New York, Macmillan.
Kim, H. J. (2008). A Study on the Appearance Involvement and Clothing Consumption Value depending on Narcissism. Doctoral dissertation, Ewha womans University Graduate school. pp. 1-159.
Kim, K. M. (2009). Attributes of Purchsasing Herbal Cosmetics According to Women’s interest rates of appearances. Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology, 11(3), 265-271.
Kim, M. S. (2017). Effects of Team Cohesiveness, Team Goal-Setting and Perception of Co-Worker Task Ability on Team Performance. Master’s thesis, Daegu University Graduate school. pp. 1-40.
Kim, R. B.. (2020). Interest in Appearance and Face Contouring Perception & Behavior and their Effects on Psychological Utility p.1-115.
Kim, T. H. (2014). A Study of Consumer Behavior for Nail Care by Appearance Interest. Doctoral dissertation, Kyungsung University Graduate school. pp. 1-102.
Kim, Y. J. (2007). Effects of Aesthetic surgery on Body Image, Self-esteem and Satisfaction with Outcomes. Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology, 13(3), 1236-1246.
Lee, D. H. (2008). College women Students' Perception of Cosmetic Surgery. Master’s thesis, Kosin University Graduate school. pp. 1-41.
Lee, K. M. (2020). The Effect of Self-respect and Satisfaction on Career Stress and Career Satisfaction in University Student. Preparing for Employment. Doctoral dissertation, Sejong University Graduate school, pp. 1-113,.
Lee, J. H. (2018). Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Behavior According to Interest in Appearance and Perception on Plastic Surg. Master’s thesis, Honam University Graduate school. pp. 1-74,.
Lee, J. M (2015). A Study on the State of Women's Cosmetic Surgery and Satisfaction Level. Master’s thesis, Sookmyung Women's University. pp. 1-77,.
Lee, J. M., & Jang, H. S. (2013). A Study on the Body Image and Sense of Psychological Stability Related to the Outward Appearance Management. Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology, 19(6), 1174-1185.
Lee, K. S. (2002). A Study on aesthetic plastic surgery, self-esteem and body image of some women. Master’s thesis, Chosun University Graduate school. pp. 1-41.
Lee, S. L. (2005). Relationship between sexual consciousness, self-esteem, and stress coping methods of college students in Seoul: Focusing on college students in Seoul. Master’s thesis, Chongshin University Graduate school. pp. 1-88.
Lim, S. E., Kweon, S. A., & Choi, J. M. (2018). Effect of Appearance Awareness and Attitude toward Appearance on Appearance Management Behavior of University Students in Chungbuk. Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology, 24(5), 925-937.
L, Y. S.. (2005). The Customer's The Customer's Customer's Preference Preference Preference for the Service at Service at the Skin Care Shop p.1-93.
Na, H. J. (2015). A study on the appearance management behavior of adult male. pp. 1-124.
Oh, B. Y. (2010). Using Prediction Markets in Goal Setting: The Impact on Performance Prediction Accuracy and Task Performance. Doctoral dissertation, Hongik University Graduate school. pp. 1-119.
Yoo, H. S. (2013). A Study of the Effect of Appearance Interests and Appeance Management Behavior on Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Master’s thesis, Chodang University Graduate school. pp. 1-41.
Yoon, S. Y. (2007). A Study on Cognition and Attitude toward Appearance Management in College Women: Focused on Hair, Skin Care, Makeup, and Cosmetic Surgery. Master’s thesis, Hannam University Graduate school. pp. 1-103.
Yu, H. S. (2013). A Study of the Effect of Appearance Interests and Appearance Management Behavior on Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Master’s thesis, Chodang University Graduate school. pp. 1-52.


ABOUT
BROWSE ARTICLES
EDITORIAL POLICY
FOR CONTRIBUTORS
Editorial Office
69 Gwangju Yeodae-gil, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju, 62396, Korea
Tel: +82-10-2825-6735   Fex: +82-62-950-3797    E-mail: beauty2007@hanmail.net                

Copyright © 2024 by Korean Society of Cosmetology.

Developed in M2PI

Close layer
prev next